Terms: French Revolution

due Dec 17
I recommend you read the textbook for this chapter but do consider using the review book after this chapter as your primary reading source.
complete TWO (2) to THREE (3) terms - try to stick to three terms in a row - that way you will focus on one group of terms, one idea. If you are running an A in this class, please do two terms, save the terms for those who need to do extra.
WRITE THE TERMS IN A WORD DOC AND THEN COPY AND PASTE THEM HERE SO THEY DON'T GET LOST AND SO YOU HAVE A COPY IF THEY DO GET LOST!!!

	Term – add the page number	Who, What, Where, When, Why it is important	Your Name
	Chapter 20 Intro:
1.	Bastille (and p. 754)	This was a fortress in France built in 1370 and was destroyed in 1790. King Louis XIV of France used the fortress as a prison and it symbolized royal authority. The prison was used for upper class members of French society who opposed, angered him, or had said something bad about him or the government in public media. On July 14th, 1789, French Revolutionists stormed the fortress in order to obtain gunpowder and military weapons that were stored and protected inside the prison. They needed these weapons in order to defend themselves against the violent attacks King Louis sent on his people. They were successful in their attempt, which is known as The Fall of Bastille or Storming of the Bastille.	Rachel Petrover
2.	Liberty, Equality, Fraternity	Liberté, égalité, fraternité (the motto in it's original French) The national motto of France. Liberty- being able to do anything (as long as it does not harm others) Equality- The law needs to be "the same for all, whether it protects or punishes." Every citizen should have the same eligibility when it comes to employment--you should get a job based on your talent and not your name. *I don't really understand Fraternity	Hod Marks
3.	Modern Totalitarianism	A political system where the state holds total authority over society and seeks to control all aspects of public or private life whatever necessary. Was created by the Italian Fascists and Giovanni Amendola in 1923 in a positive sense to help the ruling family stay in power and help keep society clean and well run. The concept became prominent in Western-anti communist political discourse during the Cold War era, in order to highlight perceived similarities between Nazi-Germany and and other fascist regimes on the other hand, and Soviet Communism on the other. Unfortunately, in this form of government, the leader has full control over the people allowing for violence and heavy aggression by the government if suspected for rebelling in event the slightest form.	Rachel Petrover
4.	Model of modern revolution	After 1789, the French Revolution became the model of modern revolution. During the French Revolution, republicanism, democracy, terrorism, nationalism and military dictatorship all became more modern and took their true modern forms during the French Revolution. Although, if the war had not involved the rest of Europe, then the Revolution might have remained strictly a French affair.	Kayla G.
	Chapter 20.1
5.	Atlantic revolutions	Occurred during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries Protest movements that arose in countries on both shores of the North Atlantic The revolutions were mostly successful. They spread the ideals of republicanism—the leader should be one who is elected rather than given the position because of hereditary They emphasized the ideals of the Enlightenment, such as the equality of all men. They proved the modern notion of a revolution by starting fresh with a radically new government could actually work in practice. The Atlantic revolutions portray the paradigm shift of governments and societies based on the Enlightened ideas	Jessica Griff
6.	Revolution definition, p. 750 before 1789 after 1789	Before 1789, the Upper class protestors only intended to defend historical local liberties against an over-bearing government. By 1789, each province had separately declared its own independence, and therefore the Austrian administration had collapsed. Delegates from the various provinces declared themselves the United States of Belgium (a clear reference to the American precedent).	Kayla G.
7.	The Dutch Revolt, 1787	The Dutch Patriot Revolt was part of a series of revolutionary actions that took place from 1787 through 1789. It took place in the Dutch Republic, Austrian Netherlands (modern Belgium), Poland, and France. In the revolt, the Dutch Patriots wanted to reduce the powers of the prince of Orange. However, it the end, the Patriots were hurt in the end. Many Orangists attacked them and forced many to fled to other countries such as the US and France.	Yitzchak
8.	The Belgian Independence Movement p. 751	When Joseph II of Austria established Enlightenment ideas such as 1) the abolition of torture, 2) religious toleration for Jews and Protestants (although Austria was thoroughly Catholic), 3) the suppression of monasteries, he also implemented one that angered the nobles, which was that with the establishment of an administrative and judicial systems, many offices that previously had belonged to nobles and lawyers were eliminated Upon hearing of this, nobles/aristocrats got together and started campaigning against Joseph II because they did not like the new form of government and they by 1788 a secret society had formed small armed companies to uprise if necessary By 1789 each province in France had declared their independence from the Austrian King and formed the United States of Belgium This enraged democrats who supported the new form of government and began to challenge aristocratic authority Aristocrats sided with the clergy and began to parade around Brussles carrying pitchforks, nooses, and crucifixes to intimidate the democrats but eventually the aristocrats lost and they went back to a monarchy under Leopold II	Jonathan
9.	Polish Patriot Movement p. 751-752	A reform party that sought to overhaul the weak commonwealth along modern western European lines with King Stanislaw August Poniatowski as their leader Poniatowski saw in moderate reform the only chance for his country to escape the consequences of a century's misgovernment and cultural decline Opposed to the Patriots were the nobles and Catherine the Great of Russia Austria and Prussia did not protest to this movement because they were glad to see Russian influence in Poland diminish In 1788, with Russia in the midst of war with the Ottoman Empire, Stanislaw summoned a reform-minded parliament which outmaneuvered the nobles The parliament, tired of Russian overlordship, enacted the constitution, which established a monarchy with a strengthened authority, and ended the two-house legislature that was so often plagued with Liberum Vetos It also granted townspeople limited political rights, and was somewhat more tolerant towards Jews However, these reforms did not endure	Jonathan
10.	Louis XIV	Born on September 5, 1638 He was known as Louis the Great or the Sun King He was king of France for 72 years beginning in 1661. He attempted to establish an absolute monarch. He thought he could because he easily can take over Spain because they lost a ton of money from Dutch, he has a strong standing army, he married an heir of Spain, and Charles II left in his will that Louis XIV’s grandson will be king.	Yitzchak
11.	Marie Antoinette	Marie Antoinette She was the queen of France and duchess of Austria She became queen after marrying Louis XVI The French people disliked Marie Antoinette, they accused her of being promiscuous. Her subjects came to hate her after her alleged participation in the Diamond Necklace Incident. -A crime committed when a group of people attempted to sell the necklace at a wrong cost and gain considerable profit. After this, she became known as Madame Deficit. She is widely known for the time (when after many complaints from her peasants about not having food, while she ate bread) threw stale cake at them, immortalizing the unconfirmed phrase: Let them eat cake. Marie participated in the Flight to Varennes, an attempted escape from France to start a c counter revolution to the French Revolution. Marie Antoinette was convicted for treason, and consequently executed by a guillotine. She was killed on October 16, 1793. Many historians say that her reign in France truly began the French Revolution.	Talia Blumofe
12.	Assembly of Notables	A group of handpicked nobles, clergymen, and officials France’s finances were in a desperate situation Because of the deficit, Louis XVI believed that a tax reform would be necessary The Assembly of Notables refused to help, so Louis brought his proposals to the parlement of Paris	Dani Ditchek
13.	Parlement of Paris (and their role, what happens to them)	The primary judicial party under the ancient regime The parlement’s role, at first, was only judicial, but it started to gain some political power; this is because they were the ones who had the power to patent any royal edicts or letters before they became the law The Parlements were abolished in the French revolution	Adina
14.	Estates General & 1st, 2nd, 3rd estates	last time meet was 175 years prior, now meet again 1787 They acted as the French PARLIAMENT, or legislative body it was composed of members, called deputize divided into three estates/ orders each representing sdiffernt groups of peoplethe last General Estates meeting was in 1789 and the king agreed to allow the third Estate to have more members and power, even more power than the other two estates, this would help prevent-the other two estates form continually vetoing the thirds first estate represented the clergy of the Catholic church, which owned 10% of the land in France, collected the 10% tithe tax; they represented about 100,000 people/ clergy second estate represented the 400,000 noble class, that consisted of the noble families, that payed little to no taxes, yet taxed peasants on their land; the nobles owned 25% of the land in France third estate represented all of the peasants, the majority of the people in France- 95% but the king did not agree to change the voting style from voting by order to voting by head- see below this is important because the estates general represented the people	Maia Groman
15.	Voting by head, voting by order	voting by order each order only got one vote the estates had the same amount of power, not representing the percentage of people they supported let the first and second estates keep their power voting by headthis was important because it greatly influence the distribution of power in the Estates General each member/ deputy got their own individual vote since the third estate had more members than the other two together, they would be given more power if the voted this way they also could win the vote of some of the clergy, adding to there power France, late 1700s	Maia Groman
16.	Abbe Emmanuel Sieyes, What is the Third Estate?	In 1789, Louis XVI of France doubled the amount of people in the 3rd estate (deputies who represented the common people of France). However, he did not allow every individual deputy to have his or her own vote (voting by head). Instead every estate would have one overall vote (voting by order). Many people were angered that the Estates general has to vote by order because now the Third Estate has less say. Therefore, there were many pamphlets written that were against the power of the First Estate (deputies representing the clergy) and the Second Estate (deputies representing the nobility). One of the pamphlets, What is the Third Estate? by Abbe Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyes had a tremendous amount of criticism towards the Second Estate. In this pamphlet, it explains how the nobility do nothing beneficial for the nation. Because of Abbe Emanuel’s pamphlet, people became opposed to the absolute government in France. The people’s opposition led to the French Revolution.	Ezra Splaver
17.	National Assembly	Existed from June of 1789 to July of 1789 The national assembly was composed of members of the Third Estate They took the power pertaining to taxation They framed a constitution that limited the power of the king This meant that the power resided not with the monarch, but in the nation (through representatives) When Louis XIV had their meeting place closed they met up in an indoor tennis court, the jeu de paume, and to not disband until a constitution had been drawn up On June 27, Louis XIV finally legalized the National assembly	Adina
18.	Tennis Court Oath	a pledge signed by 576 of 577 members of the Third Estate, the commoners, on June 20, 1789 The Third Estate wished for governmental reform as King Louis XVI clung to his absolute monarchy. They decided to meet and discuss the reforms. They came together at their assigned meeting hall, Menus Plaisirs, but found it locked against them and guarded by soldiers. Thus, they made a makeshift conference room inside a tennis court in Versailles. These men called themselves the National Assembly. They collectively vowed "not to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the kingdom is established". This oath was the first time French citizens formally stood in opposition to Louis XVI. Their determination inspired much revolutionary activity in the hopes of a constitution.	Daniella Cohen
19.	Fall of the Bastille	-July 14, 1789 in Paris, France -it was the flashpoint of the French Revolution -the medieval fortress/prison of Bastille (which represented the King's absolute power) was stormed by a group of craftsmen and salesmen (3rd estate, right?) CAUSE: -Louis XVI didn't really approve of the establishment of the Third Estate (the National Constitute Assembly) -he then dismissed the popular MInister of Finances, Jaques Necker -a mob of people stole a bunch of rifles to fight the king but they had no gun powder so they stormed Bastille to get some (plus it was a symbol of tyranny so thats another reason for storming it) -there were only 7 prisoners in there RESULTS: -they capture Bastille -rebellion/revolution starts -the French now have a holiday called Bastille Day	cherie
20.	Jacques Necker	- French statesman and financial minister to Louis XVI of france from 1777-1789 - he tried to divide the taille capitation tax (land poll tax) more equally - he used loans and high interest rates rather then using taxes - he advocated loans for the french in the American Revolution - wrote a book that was the first public record of royal finances - he stop the rebellion in Dauphine. - He provoked the storming of the bastille which led to its fall (see term before)	Ariel Bugay
21.	Cahiers de Doléances (look up online)	1789 A list of grievances which was brought to Louis XVI by the representatives of the Three Estates The equality of rights among the king’s subjects was the main theme in the cahiers This was a chance for each of the three states to express their hopes and grievances directly to the king They were suggestions of reforms	Adina
22.	Chapter 20.2
23.	Seigneurial dues	-In France in the 1700s, these dues were the payments that peasants owed their lords in trade for protection -Required a cash payment (cens), a portion of the harvest (champart), an inheritance tax (lods et ventes), an obligation to use the lord’s oven and mills (banalities), and an obligation to work the lord’s land for a certain amount of days a year (corvee) -Was more common in the north - Peasants complained in the cahiers de doleances and in 1789 an Estates General meeting was called -During the Great Fear, peasants invaded their lord’s estates and burned the documents of the seigneural dues with much violence -in the Constituent Assembly, aristocrats renounced the seigneural dues and later persuaded King Louis XVI to abolish them (1789) -in 1793, they were completely abolished signaling the end of feudalism in France (this is why they’re important)	Kayla Petrover
24.	Great Fear	July and August of 1789 Period of panic and revolt among peasants and others amid rumors of an “aristocratic conspiracy” by the king to overthrow the Third Estate and rumors that nobles had hired bandits to destroy peasants’ new harvest and their homes. Added to the rural unrest due to food shortages Fearful peasants armed themselves and sometimes attacked manor houses or burned feudal documents. Peasants refused to pay seigneurial dues to their lords. Fear of a serious peasant insurrection played a major factor in the decision to abolish feudalism in France. It led to a tax decrease and a balance of the class structures.	Daniella Cohen
25.	Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen	National Assembly approved of this on August 26, 1789 Inspired by the ideas of the Enlightenment Declared that: (only some of the 17 articles) Men are born equal in rights Political association is present in order to preserve the rights Can only be accused, arrested, or imprisoned by the rules of the law. You can't just arrest someone because you don't like them Innocent unless declared guilty Military is used for the benefit of the country and not for personal gain. A general tax must be institutionalized	Hod Marks
26.	Women’s March On Versailles, 1789 (look online, only brief line in text on p. 757)	Also known as the October March One of the most significant events of the French Revolution The march began on October 5, 1789 when women who were in the marketplace started to riot over the high price of bread They’re actions became involved with other revolutionaries who wanted reforms and a constitutional monarchy in France They found weapons and went to the Palace of Versailles The pressed their demands on Louis XVI and he returned with them to Paris This occurrence ended the independent authority of the king The march showed a new balance of powers which allowed the common people to express their opinions and needs	Dani Ditchek
27.	Olympe de Gouges, Declaration of the Rights of Women	She lived from 1748-1793 A French playwright and political activist who fought for female and slave rights Wrote the declaration of the rights of women in 1791. She challenged the practice of male authority and fought for women to have equal rights to property and public office and equal responsibilities in paying taxes and criminal punishment She also became an outspoken advocate for improving the condition of slaves in the colonies as of 1788. She was executed during the Reign of Terror for attacking to the Revolutionary government and her close relationships with the Girondists She helped advocate for women's rights and contributed to the equality of women. Even if she was not able to accomplish it in her lifetime, because of Gouges courageous efforts, women eventually received equal rights	Jessica Griff
28.	Active citizen vs. passive citizen	During the French Revolution in France, Electors of the assembly were only elected by "active citizens" Active citizens were male their taxes had to be greater or equal to the local wages for three days of hard labor. Around one in every ten active citizens was an elector. They commonly were taxed close to equal to ten days of labor. Anyone who did not fit into these requirements were passive citizens. They had no property rights or voting rights, but still had freedom regarding their liberty and belongings.	Moshe Markowitz
29.	Departements	Made by the deputies and abolished all other administrative divisions There were 83 departments and they all had the same legal structures All officials were elected and no offices could be bought or sold The departments are still a unit of the French state today	Dani Ditchek
30.	Civil Constitution of the Clergy	a law passed during the French Revolution that took power from the Roman Catholic Church and gave it to the French government it completed the destruction of the monastic orders, abolished tithes and nationalized church land. some motives for it to occur are - the french government being close to bankrupt - the church owning 20-25%	Moshe Markowitz
31.	assignats	Assignats were paper money issued by the National Assembly in France Assignats were present from 1789 to 1796, during the French Revolution They were used to overcome a large portion of the national debt as they were accepted as legitimate payment Certain precautions not taken concerning their excessive printing caused hyperinflation Directoire issued Mandats, a new form of currency to replace the assignats, although these too quickly failed Instead of solving the financial problems, the assignats became a catalyst for many uprisings The inflation was finally solved by Napoleon in 1803 where the franc was the new currency	Brett Wolff
32.	Legislative Assembly	-Operated as the French legislative body from 10/1791-9/1792 under the Liberal French Constitution-was the central location for political debate and the composition of revolutionary laws -Run by two groups: Feuillants- “right wing” 165 members who were moderate members of the bourgeoisie who believed the French Revolution had achieved its potential. Supported a constitutional monarchy Jacobin Club- “left wing” 330 democrats who distrusted the king and believed the French Revolution still needs to do more -Started the left-right political spectrum commonly used today -Was established after the end of the National Constituent Assembly and members from that assembly were not allowed to be a part the new Legislative Assembly. Thus, the two groups tended to have young, inexperienced members -Was a failure> left an empty treasury and a disorderly army and navy	Kayla Petrover
33.	Brunswick Manifesto	A proclamation issued by Charles William Ferdinand to the people of Paris, France It was issued on July 25, 1792 during the French Revolutionary Wars It threatened that if the French royal family were harmed, then French people would be harmed too The proclamation intended to intimidate the people, but it actually spurred the French Revolution Ultimately, this proclamation led to the war between revolutionary France and counter-revolutionary monarchies	Brett Wolff
34.	sans-culottes	- Another political club during the French revolution. - middle and lower class men who formed a political group agaist louis XVI - August 10 1792 they organized an rebellion and attacked the tuileries palace where the king was. - they called for a new election in 1791: - This led to the first republic in france september 22 1792	Ariel Bugay
35.	Jacobin Club	- The most famous political club in regards to the French revolution. - Began as the club Benthorn formed at Versailles from a group of representatives attending the estates general 1789 - Moved to paris and changed their name to Jacobin Club because of the place they first met Rue St. Jacques - slowly the club began to grow and ended up with around 420,000 people all over france creating a powerful political network all over france - Played a big part in the revolution and overthrowing Louis XVI	Ariel Bugay
36.	National Convention	-Served from 9/1792-11/1795 as the constitutional and legislative assemblies in France-Was preceded by the Legislative Assembly and succeeded by the Directory -Held executive power during the first years of the French First Republic -Because of the insurrection of 1792 in which Paris citizens demanded the abolishment of the monarchy, the Legislative Assembly suspended Louis XVI and created the Convention -all Frenchmen 25+ (includes other minor requirements) have the right to elect the deputies -was the first time that the French government consisted of deputies from any class who were elected by Frenchmen	Kayla Petrover
37.	September Massacres	September Massacres They were dangerous riots that were increasingly violent. It occurred in the September of 1792, during the midst of the French Revolution. They overtook Paris, and by the time it mollified, approximately half of the prison population of Paris was dead. About 1,200 people had been massacred Although the September Massacres ended, many uprisings would still occur throughout the years. -Mostly against the Roman Catholic church.	Talia Blumofe
38.	Girondins and the Mountain
	Chapter 20.3
39.	Committee of Public Safety	What: It was an executive branch in the government. It protected against foreign strikes and revolts It was a very powerful branch Originally, it was only meant to protect France, but in the committee became corrupt. Power was taken away from the Committee and given back to other branches once the terror ended A lot of the people on the Committee were tried and condemned to be killed or imprisoned. Where: France When: 1793-1794, during the Reign of Terror Why it was so important: It gained control over the other branches and made important decisions regarding war and military. After its corruption, the Committee became a aristocratic branch. This made people realize that the French Revolution had gone too far.	Michali Mazor
40.	Maximilien Robespierre (and his theory of revolutionary govt)	Who: He was the leader of the Jacobins and became a member of the Committee of Public Safety. Robespierre defended the Revolution and set out to destroy everything that threatened the Republic. He wanted a more secular society. He was a lawyer and politician. His theory of revolutionary government is in short saying that:Where: France The government has to guide the nation morally and physically. The Republic must be preserved by the constitutional government; the revolutionary government must establish it. Upstanding citizens deserve protection, and citizens who do not follow the rules deserve death. Constitutional government is in charge of civil liberty and revolutionary government is in charge of public liberty. When: He lived from 1758-1794 Why it’s important: He greatly influenced the French Revolution, and fought for the poor, a republic.	Michali Mazor
41.	The Terror	a period of time known as The Terror or the Rein of Terror harsh violence was used against any and all types of dissent and revolt the most popular form of violence/murder was the use of the guillotine	Emily Firestone
42.	Guillotine	a machine with a heavy blade used to behead people the guillotine became the symbol of this time in the revolution Marie Antoinette, King Louis XVI, alchemist Antoine Lavoiser, and many other figures from the time were killed with this machine	Emily Firestone
43.	“revolutionary armies” and conscription (p. 764)	during the French Revolution, it was required by law to take part in the revolutionary armies the French Revolutionary Armies served in the ancient regime under Louis XVI and in the First French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte their generals include Moreau, Massena, and Bonaparte some principals of this army were “liberty, equality and fraternity” they fought with artillery, infantry and with cavalry	Emily Firestone
44.	The General Maximum	Because of the food shortage in France, The National Convention created the General Maximum. The General Maximum set a maximum price for 39 different products. Because of the General Maximum, many people prospered because they no longer had to pay expensive prices for products. However, now, people such as farmers, bakers, and shopkeepers made less money.	Ezra Splaver
45.	Republic of Virtue		AVi Alpert
46.	De-Christianization	Many of the revolutionaries in the French Revolution wanted to eradicate previous cultures and form new cultures. Therefore, revolutionaries tried getting rid of Christianity in a campaign called De-Christianization. In this campaign, revolutionaries closed down or sold churches. Also, people of the clergy were forced to marry, even though many clergymen vowed not to marry. Extremists attempted to replace Christianity with the Cult of Reason. Robespierre did not like this cult, so he created the Cult of the Supreme Being. Significance: Although neither of those cults became popular, Christianity was nevertheless degraded during the French Revolution.	Ezra Splaver
47.	Cult of Reason	-atheistic belief system in France [intended to be a replacement for Christianity during the French Revolution] in late eighteenth, early nineteenth century-interestingly enough, they rejected the gods, but still promoted acts of congregational worship -military leader Joseph Fouché was a part of this cult and lead a dechristenization campaign CAUSES: -anti-RCC was one of the big causes of the French Revolution -anti-clericalism becomes an official government policy in 1792, which allows for such a cult to form -GOALS: to again human perfection through Truth and Liberty and to exercise the use of Reason	cherie
48.	Cult of the Supreme Being	Cult of the Supreme Being The cult of the supreme being was a form of Deism. It was established by Maximilien Robespierre (during the French Revolution). It was created with the intent of becoming the new French, state religion. Robespierre believed that reason was only the means to reach virtue. He hoped to enhance Deism by ways of rationality. The cult of the supreme being was an outlet created after the French started rejecting Catholicism.	Talia Blumofe
49.	Charlotte Corday and the Painting: Death of Marat by Jaques David ( look the painting up online)		Avi Alpert
50.	Vendee Rebellion, 1793	An anti-revolutionary rebellion directed towards the French Revolution’s demands. In early 1793 the enlisted 300,000 soldiers by law from Southern France. On March 11, 1793, four departments south of the Loire river revolted. Under the new government, this region was paying more taxes then they had under the monarchy. They also hated the anti-catholic policies of the revolutionary government as it was a deeply catholic region. The situation became serious enough that the government withdrew 30,000 troops from the northern front to deal with the peasants.	Yitzchak
51.	Thermidorian Reaction	What: It was a revolt during the French revolution against the Reign of Terror. It was sparked by the vote whether or not to execute certain members of the Committee of Public Safety. Where: France When: 1794, during the month of Thermidor (hence the name of the revolt) Why it is important: It returned the bourgeois reformers to power. It ended the Reign of Terror.	Michali Mazor
52.	Directory Government		Avi Alpert

13. French Revolution

Terms: French Revolution

Originally, it was only meant to protect France, but in the committee became corrupt.

Power was taken away from the Committee and given back to other branches once the terror ended

A lot of the people on the Committee were tried and condemned to be killed or imprisoned.